ICSU
2015 ICSU.
Abstract
1A_1 ｜臺灣昆蟲資源永續利用
楊平世 | 台灣大學昆蟲系
台灣昆蟲之商業性利用始自日治時期，昆蟲保育理念也始自寛尾鳳蝶被當時日本政府指定為天然紀念物；但昆蟲被建議為瀕危物種則始自1984年，而至1989年野生動物保育法通過之後才有寛尾鳳蝶等15種昆蟲被指定為保育類動物。而台灣昆蟲保育和永續利用之研究則始至1990年代初期，而作者適逢其時，在三十餘年間帶領學生從事此方面研究，尤其是蝶類、螢火蟲、水棲昆蟲和觀賞性昆蟲研究。在此過程中亦藉參與知性之旅、策畫兒童電視節目及科學班，推展生態園、蝴蝶園和出版科普書籍等方式，結合NGO團體拓展昆蟲科普活動。經三十多年來的耕耘，已有許多青出於藍勝於藍的學生輩在各個研究領域表現傑出。本文記述近三十年來台灣昆蟲保育研究和昆蟲資源永續利用之歷程，也提出未來此領域研究和應用之願景。
Utilization of insect resource and its prospect in Taiwan
Prof. Ping-Shi Yang ｜Dept. of Entomology, NTU
The commercial utilization of insects in Taiwan began during the Japanese occupation. During the same period, the concept of insect conservation was officially formed after the broad-tailed swallowtail butterfly (Agehana maraho (Shiraki & Sonan, 1934)) was designated as a natural monument by the Japanese government. However, the proposition of acknowledging insect as endangered species took place some 50 years later in 1984. In 1989, under the legislation of Wildlife Conservation Act, the broad-tailed swallowtail butterfly and 14 other insect species were designated as protected species. Our laboratory has been engaged in insect conservation on butterflies, fireflies, aquatic insects and other ornamental insects in the past 30 years, which coincided with the development of insect conservation and sustainable utilization research in Taiwan. Aside from our scholarly publications, our achievements also include planning in-depth eco-tours, organizing children's television programs & science classes, expanding eco-parks and butterfly gardens, and publishing popular science books. Meanwhile, we also collaborate with local NGOs to develop activities for insect in popular science. This article describes the course of Taiwan insect conservation and sustainable utilization of insect resources in the last three decades and proposes future researches and applications on the topic.
1A_2 | Lepidoptera conservation in urban environments: theory and practice
Prof. Tim R. New
Urbanisation represents one of the most intensive, globally pervasive and largely irreversible sets of changes to natural and other terrestrial and freshwater environments. Many losses of species and restricted ecosystems have been associated with accelerating urban developments and the considerable variety of threats that they pose. A major transformation for insects flows from biotic homogenisation, whereby many ecologically specialised species succumb to pressures from widespread and adaptable generalists, including invasive aliens. Direct habitat loss and degradation, leading to fragmentation and isolation of populations, emphasises the importance of remnant natural vegetation or wetland, and the dependence of numerous taxa on manipulated ‘green spaces’ within urban areas, the care and provision of which can influence design of urban developments. Insect assemblages, and many individual species, depend on the resources available in such enclaves, and their connectivity within the wider urban landscape.
I discuss the conservation of selected Australian Lepidoptera species to illustrate the practicalities of attempting to conserve individual ecological specialists within urban environments. The three contrasting species emphasised (the Eltham copper butterfly (Paralucia pyrodiscus lucida, Lycaenidae), Richmond birdwing butterfly Ornithoptera richmondia, Papilionidae, Golden sun-moth (Synemon plana, Castniidae)) represent different urban threat scenarios, contexts and needs. Each is a notable flagship species for urban conservation and the focus of continuing conservation effort. The programmes are used to suggest wider needs for conserving threatened insects within urban landscapes and the values that flow from insects in educating people of the needs and values of doing this.
1A_3 | Phylogenetic diversity and conservation
Prof. Dan Faith ｜Australian Museum, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia
Studies of phylogenetic relationships are core products of natural history museums. Phylogeny-based studies are now influencing ecology and conservation. Phylogeny provides one natural measure of biodiversity, through the phylogenetic diversity (PD) measure. PD captures the value of biodiversity in providing benefits and uses, often unanticipated, for future generations. It also measures evolutionary potential. We refer to these values represented by PD as evolutionary or ecosystem services. A measure of PD loss therefore also indicates some degree of loss of future ecosystem services. PD is regarded as a “unique and important measure of biological diversity,” and as “a resonant symbol of the current biodiversity crisis” Various calculations and indices based on PD are useful for conservation planning. Globally, an important context is the planetary boundaries framework, which defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth System. Phylogenetic diversity has been proposed as a possible basis for quantifying a “biodiversity” boundary (Faith et al 2010) because it captures evosystem services. Relevant PD calculations include those integrating probabilities of extinction (inferred from IUCN Red List categories), providing estimates of “expected PD”. This approach extends the methods for identifying “evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered" (EDGE) species. It also may identify phylogenetic bright spots – species that are evolutionarily distinctive and are currently secure. These calculations may help us to anticipate boundaries and related phylogenetic tipping points, where successive species losses within a clade can result in high loss of evolutionary heritage represented by deep phylogenetic branches. A new gallery at the Australian Museum will highlight these themes. Many of our examples from the tree-of-life include well-studied taxa, including birds and mammals and amphibians. More assessments are needed for invertebrates. One good exemplar in the gallery is the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae). The IUCN Red List of threatened species gives this species an endangered rating. It also is evolutionarily distinctive, as the sole member of a subgenus likely to be at least 20 my old. How do we effectively incorporate such valuable individual species into broader biodiversity conservation planning? Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), as sites ‘that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity’, provide one strategy. Conventionally, KBAs are any intact sites that have one or more threatened species. For a phylogenetic KBA, we identify any site that has one or more threatened branches. Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing defines several phylogenetic KBAs in Papua New Guinea. Biodiversity conservation planning must set priorities for conservation, including priorities among KBAs. In our Papua New Guinea planning study, the Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing was integrated into a multi-criteria analyses that integrate many different values of society. The representation of at least one area known, from museum collections, to contain each of 11 such threatened species was included as a planning target. Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing was well represented in the final priority areas set. These studies illustrate how core products from natural history museums, including collections and phylogenies are critical to the conservation of biodiversity.
1P_1 | Biosystematics and conservation biology: critical scientific disciplines for the management of insect biological diversity
Prof. Michael F. Braby ｜Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
Biosystematics and conservation biology are two critical scientific disciplines that underpin the management of biological diversity. This is because biosystematics provides two basic elements that are fundamental to conservation management: the circumscription of species; and the spatial distribution of species. These elements in turn allow conservation biologists to determine the components of biodiversity, such as local species richness (a-diversity), composition and community structure, patterns of spatial turnover and heterogeneity (b-diversity), levels of endemism, and location of ‘biodiversity hotspots’. This information ultimately provides a framework for systematic conservation planning for the management of biological diversity and natural resources. In this presentation, drawing on examples of diurnal Lepidoptera (butterflies and day-flying moths) from the Australian Monsoon Tropics, I discuss one area of conservation biology – inventory – that is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Inventory aims to document both the composition and spatial distribution of biodiversity, to identify the important components of that diversity, and to prioritise areas for protection and conservation management. It is argued that for inventory of insects attention should be limited to a set of ‘priority’ taxa, that taxon selection needs to be based on objective criteria, and that survey methods need to be trialed and tested. A major challenge for insect biosystematics and conservation biology is therefore to develop a prioritised list of taxa for inventory, both regionally and globally. Other challenges are to catalogue the known species of those prioritised taxa, to discover and describe new or as-yet-unknown species, to accelerate the rate at which those new species are discovered and described (by at least an order of magnitude), to map the spatial distribution and develop standardised survey/sampling methods of prioritised taxa, and to establish rigorous, long-term monitoring programmes.
1P_2 | Long-term studies of aquatic insects, and their use in evaluating climate change and other environmental phenomena
Prof. Vincent H. Resh｜Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley
Long-term studies can document temporal patterns in freshwater ecosystems. This is particularly important in environments that are highly seasonal in terms of their precipitation and consequent flow-volume patterns, such as those that occur in mediterranean-climate and monsoonal regions of the world. Such regions have predictable seasonal patterns but also have strong inter-annual variation that result in floods and droughts occurring periodically, but not predictively, over long time-periods. In this presentation, I review long-term studies of populations and communities of aquatic insects and other benthic macroinvertebrates from studies conducted throughout the highly seasonal mediterranean-climate region of California, and develop generalities that may apply broadly to highly seasonal streams worldwide. Habitats studied and described range from springbrooks to third-order streams. Macroinvertebrate richness and abundance vary between seasons and vary annually over inter-annual scales. Severe drought may result in loss of habitats and consequent disappearance of a springbrook multi-cohort population of a caddisfly. Following habitat recovery, the return from a single-cohort population to the original, pre-loss of habitat, multi-cohort population age-structure took a decade. Experimental studies, based on long-term data, may explain environmental conditions that result in evolutionary constraints, such as reductions in population fitness. Moreover, such experimental studies can demonstrate how often these constraints occurred in the population over long time periods when measured in terms of past hydrologic measures that are indicative of floods and droughts. Because quantitative measures of macroinvertebrate populations and communities can be influenced by annual variability in flow regimes, biological-monitoring metrics that can consistently separate human-induced changes from natural variability are needed. Given the importance of accurately measuring climate-change effects in highly seasonal climates, which will be particularly and severely affected by this phenomenon, I describe how long long-term data can be used to develop macroinvertebrate-based metrics that can either demonstrate, or be independent, of climate-change effects. Importantly, long-term studies demonstrate that most macroinvertebrate species are temporally rare in their annual occurrence. For example, 26-33% of species in a long-term quantitative study of four sites in two streams occurred in only a single-year in collections made over 19-20 year study periods. Long-term, quantitative information from steam studies in general are lacking, but this is especially true in highly seasonal areas. This paucity of information is a hindrance to both management practices and development of appropriate ecological constructs.
1P_3 | Plotting the future: long-term biodiversity monitoring in Southeast Asia
Akihiro Nakamura1,*, Yves Basset2, Chris Burwell3, 4, Alice Hughes1, Xiaodong Yang1, Louise Ashton1,3, Roger Kitching3, Min Cao1
1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan,
P.R.China (a.nakamura@xtbg.ac.cn);
2 Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama;
3 Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
4 Natural Environments Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
* corresponding author
Climate change poses one of the greatest and least well understood threats to global forest biodiversity. Long-term monitoring is needed to establish baseline data upon which we can monitor and predict how forest biodiversity and ecological functioning will respond to such anthropogenic disturbances. Here we present our progress to date on the use of elevational “gradsects” which were established along the mountain slopes of different continents to monitor elevational distributions of insects and plants. Data obtained from elevational gradsects provides insights into how organisms are distributed across different elevations under various climatic conditions. Elevational gradsect approach alone, however, cannot encapsulate the ecosystem level responses to global-scale disturbances due to its practicality of long-term research. CTFS-ForestGEO (Center for Tropical Forest Science and Forest Global Earth Observations) provides an international partnership to establish large-scale ecological monitoring plots where both plants and insects (and possibly other groups of organisms) will be monitored intensively following standardised protocols. Standardised designs ensure that data are fully compatible to other 61 CTFS plots globally, enabling us to disentangle local-scale (forest fragmentation, and infestation of invasive species) and global-scale (climate change) anthropogenic disturbances. CTFS-ForestGEO not only boosts scientific understanding of forest ecosystems and their responses to climate changes, but also provides a platform for training and education. CTFS plots have yet to be established in many countries of Asia Pacific regions, and we urge local stakeholders to join such an international partnership.
1P_4| How to quantify biodiversity 如何量化生物多樣性
趙蓮菊 Anne Chao ｜清華大學統計所 Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University
Biodiversity, the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur, is a central concept in the life sciences; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Widespread concern about the impact of human activities on ecosystems has made the measurement and assessment of biodiversity an increasingly important topic in recent years. Hill numbers (or the “effective number of species”) are increasingly used to quantify species diversity of an assemblage. Hill numbers, parameterized by a diversity order q that determines the measures’ emphasis on rare or common species, include three important measures: species richness (q = 0), Shannon diversity (q = 1, the exponential of Shannon entropy), and Simpson diversity (q = 2, the inverse of Simpson index). In this talk, I review Hill numbers and the advantages of using Hill numbers to quantify diversities. Hill numbers were recently extended to phylogenetic diversity, which incorporates species evolutionary history, and also to distance-based functional diversity, which considers the differences among species traits. I also review these extensions and integrate them into a framework of “attribute diversity” (or the “effective total attribute value”) based on Hill numbers of taxonomic entities (species), phylogenetic entities (branches of unit-length), or functional entities (species-pairs with unit-distance between species). This framework unifies ecologists’ measures of species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity. The most important feature of the attribute diversity measures is that they satisfy a strong version of replication principle or quadratic replication principle. This framework also provides a unified method of diversity decomposition. When there are N assemblages defined by the investigator, the attribute diversity of the pooled assemblage can be decomposed into independent alpha and beta components. We can use the beta component to construct several classes of attribute overlap (or similarity) measures and their corresponding differentiation measures, including N-assemblage phylogenetic or functional generalizations of the classic Jaccard, Sørensen, Horn and Morisita-Horn indices. A real example shows how this framework extracts ecological meaning from complex data. (This is a joint work with C.-H. Chiu and Lou Jost)
Main reference:
Chao, A., Chiu, C.-H., and Jost, L. (2014). Unifying species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, functional diversity and related similarity and differentiation measures through Hill numbers. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45, 297-324.
1P_5 | The Chinese insect culture with special reference to folk festivals
彩万志 Cai Wanzhi | Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University
China is one of the oldest civilized countries with a very early agricultural history. Chinese agriculture can be traced back to 10,000 years ago, and the primitive agriculture including sericulture, were well developed in China in the Neolithic Age (5000 to 7000 years ago). The traditional Chinese culture rooted deeply in agricultural civilization. Ancient Chinese have made great contributions to cultural entomology during this long period living with insects, especially during the agricultural activities. As China with a long history and the many nationalities, the connotations of Chinese insect culture are of great diversity and the insect culture are very abundant. The material properties of human/insect relationships in Chinese insect culture focus on the insect pest control, and beneficial insect using, with two representatives for Chinese insect cultures, locust (the most important insect pest in the history of China) culture, and silkworm (the most important beneficial insect in China) culture. The influence of insects in Chinese culture includes philosophy, literature, poetry, music, art, amusement, aesthetics and so on. The insects have played an important role in Chinese spiritual life in ancient time. The basic themes of the connotations of Chinese insect culture are people can live (having enough foods, having warm clothes, keeping away from the diseases) and can have next generations, live better (being happy, becoming a marquis, becoming a governor, becoming a richer), and live longer or for ever (having a long life, regeneration like the insects). For the safe and prosperity of the society, the Chinese insect culture educate people be kind to all the people, be kind to all the living things, be dutiful, be industrious and be high-minded.
The folk festival is the highlight in human life and the best opportunity for resting, improving living temporally, entertainments, and enhancing the relationships in the ancient time. More than 2000 folk festivals are celebrated by Chinese people each year in the history and over half of them are concerning with agriculture. Among those folk festivals, more than 110 folk festivals are related to insects and about one third of insect-related festivals (IRFs) are directly associated with insects. Most of the IRFs are originated with pest control and 31 IRFs can be attributed to the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). Other IRFs are associated with silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus. Most of the IRFs are ceased at present and the current existing ones are generally celebrated for commercial propose and entertainments.
2A_1 亞洲島弧青斑蝶散佈生態學與保育
陳建志| 臺北市立大學
青斑蝶主要分布於日本、台灣、菲律賓、韓國、亞洲大陸、北印度到馬來半島一帶，是斑蝶科中分布達最北方的蝶種。蝶類專家白水隆先生的「原色台灣蝶類大圖鑑」裡將青斑蝶分為4個亞種，台灣、琉球、日本及韓國等地列屬(P. s. niphonica)亞種。在日本青斑蝶每年4-6月隨西南季風朝北移動，7-8月間新生世代在高緯度或高海拔地區發生，並在9-11月間利用北季風往南移動，雌蝶在日本南方產卵，通常利用幼蟲越冬，成蟲在翌年春天羽化。日本的蝴蝶研究人員在1980年之前就發現日本的青斑蝶低溫期活動於低海拔地區，高溫期卻活動於高海拔地區，因此推論青斑蝶有垂直移動的行為。同時也有學者發現青斑蝶不同季節活動於日本不同緯度地區，因此也推論青斑蝶有南北移動行為。臺日之間自1997年起，合作進行青斑蝶的標識再補法活動，截至目前為止共有22例臺灣、日本間青斑蝶標放在捕獲紀錄，其中4例為北上，18例為南下，其中2013年即有8例從日本飛來的青斑蝶，其中7例皆在澎湖西嶼西堡壘處捕獲到，另外1例則是在瑞芳龍潭山上，由蝶友楊順成先生所拍攝。
The spreading ecology and conservation of the Chestnut Tiger Butterfly along Asian island-arc
Jian-Chi Chen | University of Taipei
The Chestnut Tiger (Parantica sita niponica) mainly distribute at Taiwan and Japan, the habitat selection of adults has the phenomenon of seasonal vertical movement and horizontal movement. Since 1997, Taiwan in cooperation with Japan, .was conducted Mark-Release-Recapture of the Chestnut Tiger. Until 2013, 18 individuals of the Chestnut Tiger marked in Japan, were recaptured in Taiwan, also 4 individuals marked in Taiwan, were recaptured in Japan, and the recaptured Chestnut Tiger from Taiwan to Japan, all were marked at Yang-Ming-Shan National Park. From 1999 to 2003, in the breeding habitat of the Chestnut Tiger at Erzushan forest of YMS National Park, we surveyed the life table of the Chestnut Tiger and found the Chestnut Tiger have a breeding peak in March and November, but only a few remnants of the individual breed in the summer and were parasitic by Ichneumon. The Chestnut Tiger in YMS National Park breed 2-5 generations per year. We conducted Mark-Release-Recapture of the Moving Danaidae of Tatachia Area in Yusan National Park from 2007 to 2009, also found the Chestnut Tiger has leap Tatachia Area towards the south for overwinter, but the individuals of Chestnut Tiger in the overwinter gathering of danaid butterflies in southern Taiwan are rarely, where are the Chestnut Tiger went, it is worth further study theme. So, the habitat selection strategies of the Chestnut Tiger in winter at Taiwan, there are multiple adaptations.
2A_2 | 臺北市黃緣螢棲地重建與復育
楊平世 | 國立臺灣大學昆蟲學系
吳加雄 | 樹花園股份有限公司生態開發部
黃緣螢是臺灣目前三種已知具有水棲幼蟲的螢火蟲之一，近年由於棲地的喪失或劣化而導致族群量下降。位於臺北市木柵區屬於元利建設所有的永建生態園區，原為無人管理的荒地，但鄰近當地社區，該機構有開闢為生態園區的構想，委託本公司規畫執行。公司主管決定以生態開發而非工程開發來經營管理此一園區，而為了保存當地因為濕地自然演替而逐漸式微的原生黃緣螢族群，我們決定在園區內重建其棲地，構築一條生態溝渠和三個水塘。從興建前的調查到完工後的追蹤，於2012/06-2013/12進行了一系列包含氣候、水文、地質、動植物相和昆蟲相的調查，結果顯示此一重建的濕地環境與周邊至少有6種原生的螢火蟲，除水棲的黃緣螢外，其餘5種為陸生。除螢火蟲外，有超過300種其他動物棲息於溝渠或水塘本體或鄰近環境。此一成功的案例顯示城鎮環境螢火蟲的棲地重建與復育可藉由私人公司、保育團體和政府相關部門的合作來達成。棲地重建的設計與施工細節將在報告時提出。
Habitat restoration of the aquatic firefly, Aquatica ficta (Olivier, 1909) restoration in Taipei city, Taiwan
Pingshih Yang | Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University
Chiahsiung Wu | Department of Ecological developing, Tree-garden Corporation
The yellow-rimmed firefly, Aquatica ficta (Olivier, 1909) was one of the three aquatic fireflies in Taiwan and the population numbers were declined due to the habitat loss or habitat quality deterioration. In order to saving an original population in private land, Yongjian ecopark that belonged to a construction company, Yuanlih group. An ecological ditch and two ecological ponds were constructed after a series of 1-year scientific surveys, including climate, geological, hydrological, botany, zoological and entomology census from June 2012 to December 2013. The results indicated that the Yongjian ecopark was all a wetland based on geology, hydrology studies, and the fauna studying results showed that there were at least 6 species of fireflies, including 5 terrestrial species and A. ficta. Beside fireflies, there were over 300 animals lived around or along the ecological ditch and ponds. The key factor of this restoration case was the attitude of the construction company’s managers; they made this project as “ecological development” case rather than “engineering development”. This case showed that the fireflies’ habitat restoration could be practice by private commercial company beside conservation NGO and relative government department. The design detail of ecological ditch and ponds would be presented in oral talk.
2A-3 | 臺灣昆蟲保育還有甚麼應做與值得做的
顏聖紘 | 中山大學生物科學系
自從1989年野生動物保育法施行之後，在法令中便附帶一份保育類動物的清單。而這份清單上的昆蟲也在某種程度上主導了日後的昆蟲保育研究與工作方向。在過去，臺灣的昆蟲保育因為繞著舊版不甚恰當的保育類昆蟲名錄打轉，因此研究過度著墨於受保護物種之基礎生物學探索加上情感呼籲，而非保育論述之建立。此外，究竟是商業利用？棲地破壞？對多數物種知識的貧乏？還是保育論述的不完整對昆蟲保育的衝擊較大，也缺乏詳實可信的科學研究支持。此外，生態園與蝴蝶花園之類的概念在20年前興起，但因缺乏細緻的指導原則，且被許多民間團體與學校快速仿傚，反而產生施作上對不同物種的偏見，甚至產生島內外來種問題。野生動物保育法近年經過多次修法，然修法內容顯然不適用於昆蟲，因此難以在合理的規範下同時做好棲地保育、野生族群保育、教育訓練與產業發展。我認為以下是未來臺灣昆蟲保育仍大有可為的議題：(1) 將研究、教育、政策、與產業納入考量以重塑保育論述；(2) 加強系統分類、族群遺傳、演化生態與基礎生態研究以確認保育單元；(3) 增進昆蟲與植被以及其它生物交互關係之研究，促進科學與政策社群對昆蟲重要性的理解；(4) 在名古屋議定書生效後，臺灣學術社群如何面對昆蟲遺傳資源的分享與保護等複雜議題；(5) 臺灣的學術社群是否能在完整論述的基礎上帶領民間團體進行昆蟲保育工作？(6) 昆蟲學界如何在科學、行政與實務上輔導所有可能涉及保育與外來入侵種事務的昆蟲相關產業？此外，捨棄純現象描述，進入假說檢測型的研究，才能奠定昆蟲保育工作的科學基礎。
Identifying Priority Areas for Insect Conservation in Taiwan
Shen-Horn Yen | Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
Since the launch of Wildlife Conservation Law in 1978, the checklist of protected insects have predominated the directions of the studies and policies relevant to insect conservation. The old version of checklist, however, was largely based on the very sketchy and rough “impression”, which was not proposed exactly according to scientific evidence and comprehensive discussions. The following conservation works of insects in Taiwan, therefore, were surrounded by lots of “basic biology” studies and emotional appeals rather establishment of a discourse based on hypothesis-driven studies. Meanwhile, the impacts of commercial harvest, habitat loss, lacking of knowledge of most species and incompleteness of conservation theory on insect conservation was seldom reviewed by using scientific tools. Besides, the popularity of setting an “eco-garden” or “butterfly garden” without a sophisticated guide has resulted in several negative effects, such as enhancing the bias between species and introduction of non-native species within the island. Although the Wildlife Conservation Law has been amended for several times, but most of the emendations are not applicable for the situations of insects regarding various aspects. The following issues are probably the most important for future context of insect conservation in Taiwan: (1) re-building a discourse by considering research, education, policy and trade; (2) enhancing research on systematics, population genetics, and evolutionary ecology; (3) encouraging the study linking insects and other organisms; (4) facing the complex issues regarding legal exchange and sharing of genetic resource since the Nagoya Protocol was enacted; (5) leading NGOs to contribute in insect conservation with scientific guidance; (6) re-organizing all the commercial activities regarding sustainable uses of insects and avoiding introduction of alien species. Last and the most important, insect conservation study should be based on testable hypothesis rather phenomenon describing.
2A-4里山與田鱉米
李璟泓 | 生態觀察家、里山生活實踐者
印度大田鱉（Lethocerus indicus）為臺灣最大型的水生昆蟲，曾經廣泛分布於西部平原及淺山地區的水域。目前由於棲地受到汙染及開發等壓力，在臺灣發現的紀錄相當稀少。2012年起在苗栗通霄發現印度大田鱉穩定族群，透過與當地老農的合作，以當地無毒耕種的稻米命名為「田鱉米」，並以進行「穀東制」進行環境教育及友善環境的推廣，期間亦發現石虎、灰面鵟鷹等野生動物。期待藉由友善環境耕作的推動達成里山生態的棲地及生物多樣性保存。
Satoyama, Giant Water Bugs, and Rice
Jing-Hong Lee | Free nature observer and Satoyama Practicer, Taiwan
The giant water bug, Lethocerus indicus (Lepeletier and Serville)(Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) is the largest water insects in Taiwan. It used to have a wide distribution in plains and hill lands in western Taiwan, but have become rare in the field owing to habitat loss and degradation mostly caused by the expansion of agricultural land or other human activities. A population of the giant water bug was found in a paddyfield, in Tongxiao, Miaoli County in 2012. Many other wildlife, such as Asian Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr)) and Grey-faced Buzzard (Butastus indicus (Gmelin) are also around the paddyfield. We persuaded the field owner, an old farmer, to grow his rice in an environmentally- friendly way to maintain the giant water bug’s population. In return we signed a contract with him to buy-out his organic rice, branded as “giant water bug rice”, with a higher price and to promote the product in the market. Participants joined the group are encouraged to take environmental education courses and to accept environmentally friendly cultivation. Eventually we wish to build up a Satoyama landscape based on our approach to restore balance between human and biodiversity.
2A_5 | 臺灣螢火蟲生態產業之發展與現況
何健鎔 | 行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心
方華德 | 行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心
楊平世 | 國立台灣大學昆蟲學系教授 台北市羅斯福路4段1號
臺灣自1980年代開始有賞螢活動，最早始於阿里山若蘭山莊開辦的賞螢旅遊，帶領遊客欣賞螢火蟲發光之美。近30年來臺灣學者專家共同努力之下，對於螢火蟲之分類、保育及社區營造等工作奠下良好基礎，如今在生態產業上有良好之發展。本文闡述臺灣螢火蟲物種多樣性，比較全世界各國螢火蟲資源現況，並透過對螢火蟲之生物學特性之瞭解，讓民眾瞭解展現螢火蟲的發光行為、保育生物學、文化等特質，並宣導生物多樣性的觀念。藉由螢火蟲的特質，開發新型態的生態產業，在符合於生態保育之原則下，進行生態社區螢火蟲之監測計畫，以尋找螢火蟲資源永續利用之方法；也介紹國外有關發光性昆蟲的著名事例，並說明台灣螢火蟲生態產業的規劃與方向。結合社區與生態旅遊業者等共同開發具有觀賞性、紀念性與保值性的產品，包括酒類、玩具類、服裝類、食品類、簡餐類、飲料類等，以提升附加價值，促進地方經濟，落實螢火蟲保育與生態產業能相容與兼顧，成為臺灣永續利用的重點範例。
Development and Status of Ecological Industry of Fireflies in Taiwan
Jen-Zon Ho ｜Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji Township, Taiwan
Hua-Te Fang｜Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji Township, Taiwan
Ping-Shih Yang｜Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
Firfly watching in Taiwan began in the 1980s. The Geor-Land home stay which locates in Mt. Ali was the first among others to initiate firefly eco-tourism. Visitors were guided to see the beauty of firefly flashing in the farm. In the pasted 30 years, local scholars and experts have established the classification system, conservation biology and community construction for firefly studies. This article describes species diversity of fireflies in Taiwan and compared it with the firefly status in the world. In addition, we examine firefly flashing behavior, conservation by using the characteristics of conservation biology. Community construction combined with ecotourism for firefly watching an innovation of Taiwan. We introduce how it is implemented as the key example of firefly sustainability in Taiwan.
2A_6 | 從生物多樣性看台灣蟋蟀文化與社區參與
蔡惠卿 ｜中華民國自然生態保育協會
本研究著重於以文獻蒐集與在海峽兩岸深度訪談及訪查方式，探討兩岸蟋蟀文化之發展；並同時整理前人對蟋蟀所創作的詩詞歌賦，加以分析每一首創作所蘊含之意義；也對中國與台灣鳴蟲飼養、比鬥的器具做系統整理；另外對中國與台灣鬥蟋蟀的規則之異同進行比較。最後，對探討電子媒體、社教機構與民間團體，如何結合社區發展蟋蟀文化及其週邊產業，並期待於生物多樣性理念及推動工作下，台灣昆蟲資源及相關生態產業能發展出永續經營之道。
Taiwan Cricket Culture and its Community Engagement, a Biodiversity Perspective
Hwi-Chin Tsai | The Society of Wildlife and Nature, Taipei City, Taiwan
The present study compares the cricket culture in Taiwan and China by interviews and extensive literature review. The following aspects of cricket culture are included: (1)folk songs/poems and the significance behind their creation, (2) gadgets and rules and cricket fighting, (3) how electronic resources, educational institutes and non-governmental organizations integrate this cricket culture in their events products in eco industries. The present study also discusses how the concept of biodiversity could be incorporated in the activities of cricket singing and fighting.
2A_7 | 熊蜂授粉之產業發展
江敬晧 | 德霖技術學院休閒事業管理系
本文針對熊蜂(Bombus spp.)商業化繁殖之發展及台灣授粉產業發展與應用進行回顧與探討。熊蜂因其特有的授粉特性，且對授粉作物有增加產量、提高品質、操作簡便、節省成本、避免污染等優點，早在西元1912年便開始嘗試人工飼養，西元1985年開發出以二氧化碳(CO2)調控蜂后休眠之技術，繼代繁殖技術才得到了突破性的進展，正式進入商業化應用。西元1987年荷蘭、比利時、英國等歐洲開始了大規模商業繁殖與銷售授粉熊蜂箱，現今美洲、亞洲及大洋洲等地區也都相繼投入熊蜂生產，也開啟國際上設施農業應用熊蜂授粉的熱潮，至西元2004年為止，全球年產量已達超過百萬群，目前有五種熊蜂已被商業生產並用在作物授粉上，但主要種類為來自歐亞大陸的B.terrestris 和來自北美洲的B. impatiens。在亞洲國家中，日本於西元1991年引進16群熊蜂，至西元2010年全日本已有超過70%的設施依賴熊蜂授粉，但也發現引進授粉用的熊蜂(B. terrestris)已於當地自然界立足並出現競爭行為及病原的問題影響原生種熊蜂數量及分布，韓國於1994年也開始引進，目前超過10%以上的溫室番茄都使用熊蜂授粉。中國1996年從荷蘭進口熊蜂為溫室番茄授粉，並於1998年成功飼養野生熊蜂。台灣曾於1993及1994年引進數群 B. terrestris 熊蜂進行番茄授粉評估，雖可節省人工授粉成本，但是台灣亞熱帶氣候條件與溫室結構的關係，使該種熊蜂因為溫室內溫度較高而影響其授粉效率。西元2004年首次成功於室內飼養台灣原生種的精選熊蜂 (B. eximius)，台灣本土產九種熊蜂中，目前已有3種建立室內人工繼代繁殖技術，具有發展為亞熱帶環境授粉之潛力。世界各國目前傾向繁殖當地原生種熊蜂於授粉利用，台灣則於2014年有條件開放進口熊蜂進行授粉，未來是否會造成原生生態的問題得持續觀察與探究。
Commercial bumblebee industry for pollination
Ching-Hao Chiang｜Department of Leisure Business Management, DE LIN Institute of Technology
In this paper, commercial bumblebees (Bombus spp.) colony development and pollination industry in Taiwan are reviewed. Bumblebees have unique pollination behavior, which is efficient, economical, and easy to operate. The history of utilizing reared bumble bee for pollination started in 1912. The technical improvement in using CO2 to break the virgin queen hibernation in 1985 was crucial to bumblebee pollination to be commercialized. In 1987, the Netherlands, Belgium, Britain, Europe began commercial bumblebees pollination boxes, now the Americas, Asia and Oceania have also been involved in bumblebees production and an international upsurge has been observed. Until 2004, global production reached more than one million colonies. Five species has been used in the commercial production, mainly used are B. terrestris and B. impatien. Since 1991, Japan imported 16 bumblebees (B. terrestris) colonies for pollination in greenhouse, until 2010, Japan has more than 70 percent of greenhouse which dependent on bumblebees pollination. However, the import of exotic species bumblebees (B. terrestris) has caused ecological competition and disease on endemic species. Korea began to introduce bumblebees in 1994, currently more than 10% of greenhouse tomatoes used bumblebee pollination. In 1996 China imported (from the Netherlands) bumblebees to pollinate greenhouse tomatoes and then started rearing their bumblebees in 1998. Taiwan introduced B. terrestris colonies for pollinating facility tomatoes in 1993 and 1994, however, the efficiency was not ideal due to the higher temperatures in the facility. Currently the world tends to use local endemic bumblebees species for pollination. In 2004, Taiwan had the first successful rear of native B. eximius in the laboratory, and now three species of artificial rear subculture could be done in the laboratory. There is a high potential to develop greenhouse pollination locally. Taiwan started importing (with conditions) B. terrestris for pollination in 2014; their interaction with the nine endemic species will be monitored closely.
2A_8 | 昆蟲在環境教育的運用
范義彬 | 林業試驗所福山研究中心副研究員
環境教育法2010年經總統公布，2011年施行，全文26條。所謂「環境教育」即運用教育方法，培育國民瞭解與環境之倫理關係，增進國民保護環境之知識、技能、態度及價值觀，促使國民重視環境，採取行動，以達永續發展之公民教育過程。機關、公營事業機構、高級中等以下學校及財團法人等，每年應舉辦四小時以上的環境教育課程或活動，包括：環境保護相關之課程、演講、討論、網路學習、體驗、實驗、戶外學習、參訪、影片觀賞、實作及其他活動。昆蟲是環境教育中最好的題材，因為昆蟲提供多元性的教學主題，例如可以是衛生害蟲、作物害蟲、植物傳花授粉重要媒介，果蠅、麵包蟲是遺傳試驗的材料，水棲昆蟲是生態監測最佳指標生物，還可以結合或運用在民俗文化、特色餐飲、生態旅遊、生態藝術、戶外教育等等。
以昆蟲為教育題材的優點：1.數量最多，隨處可見，取材容易。2.種類繁多，佔了動物界75%以上。3.生態複雜，變化多端。4.顯淺易懂，生動有趣。5.與環境關係密切。但是亦有限制：1.受到季節、氣候和環境變化差異大。2.是動態的，不易掌握。3.昆蟲的教學設計不多。4.昆蟲師資培訓非短時間可達成。
昆蟲探索教育是以科學研究調查的方法、邏輯為基礎，先拋出問題，集體思考，提出假設，動手操作蒐集資料，然後驗證原先的假設是否符合，最後成果分享。為了破除昆蟲種類繁多，不易辨識，在昆蟲探索教育中是以畫圖描述、自己命名的方式，增加活動的簡單和趣味化。設計的活動有：水域昆蟲探索、草地昆蟲探索、枯倒木昆蟲探索、地面陷阱探索等等。在環境教育中扮演真實世界和一手知識學習重要的角色。
Insects Using in Environmental Education
Yi-Bin Fan | Research Associate, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Fushan Research Center.
Environmental education denotes the use of general educational methods to enhance the understanding of the relationship between ethics and the environment, and to promote national attention to the environment. It also encourages taking action to achieve sustainable development. Domestic agencies, public utilities, high schools and foundations are required to have no less than four hours of environmental educational course/lectures/discussion/ networking every year. Insects are the best environmental education material, for they provide diversified education themes: they could be utilied to introduce as either pests, crop pests, or pollinators. On the other hand, species such as fruit flies, mealworms are used in genetic analyses while aquatic insects are the best bio-indicators of the aquatic environment. Last but not least, they could be combined with folk culture, food and drink, eco-tourism, eco-art, and outdoor education. Other advantages of using insects as educational materials include: (1) Great population and easily accessible, (2) High variety, insect species account for more than 75% of the animal kingdom, (3) Complex and highly diverse ecology, (4) Easy to understand and interesting, (5) Close relationship with the environment. However, the limitation includes (1) Their appearances are seasonal and there are large differences in weather and environment (2) They are living things and not easy to control (3) there are less educational design to learn from (4) It’s not an easy task to train insect teachers. Due to the disadvantage of highly diversified insect species (hence harder to identify), we encourage learners to use drawing description and name the target insect in their own way. This decreases the complexity but increases the fun of the activity and provides hands-on knowledge in the process.
2A_9 昆蟲在科普教育之應用
吳怡欣 | 臺北市立動物園
科學教育的過程，首重「科學素養」的培育。學習者經由科學性的自然探索活動，以獲得相關的知識及技能，同時依照科學方法，探討與論證，養成科學的思考習慣和運用科學知識與技能，培養出解決問題的能力。科學教育的目的，便是利用完整的活動設計或課程規劃，引導學習者在自然科學上的學習，藉以提升學習者的科學素養。而昆蟲種類的多樣性，長久以來一直在自然科學教育上扮演重要的角色。昆蟲在科學教學利用上的優勢包括了1.形態及種類的多樣性，2.可直接的近距離觀察，且並無如脊椎動物必須考量動物福利因素，3.生活史短且變化大，易於在實驗室及室內空間控制，4.昆蟲是極佳的教學模組，容易飼養、操作及利用，5.價格便宜，預算易控制等，這些優點，不但可滿足學習者的好奇心，更適合成為探索研究科學的工具，以達到培養科學素養應得之能力指標。因此，臺北市立動物園的昆蟲館，自開館以來，積極發展應用不同種類之昆蟲特性及主題，設計與辦理多種不同類型之昆蟲主題課程，包括甲蟲、蝴蝶、螢火蟲、水棲昆蟲等，透過學童的親自至野外探索，觀察飼養的過程，培養科學的技能及態度，而逹到提升學童科學素養的目的；而為擴大參與的對象，每年定期推出不同主題之昆蟲特展，藉由不同主題昆蟲所含蓋之生態議題，運用說故事的方式引導，以傳遞昆蟲學中的科普知識給一般民眾。本文彙整臺北市立動物園昆蟲館歷年所規劃之昆蟲科學教育課程及昆蟲主題展實例，以提供昆蟲應用在科普教育之參考。
Insects in Popular Science
I-Hsin Wu | Taipei City Zoo, Taipei City, Taiwan
Scientific Literacy is the most crucial aspect for science education. Learners gain scientific literacy by observation, building hypothesis, testing and summarizing to further construct their ability to investigate/solve scientific issues. The goals of scientific education are to establish learning paradigms to nurture learners’ scientific literacy. Insects are great materials for such teaching goals: (1) they have highly diverse morphology and great biodiversity, (2) they are easier to observe in close proximity, (3) easier to breed and manipulate due to their short life cycles, (4) excellent teaching modules for teaching, and (5) relatively cheap to breed and maintain. The Insectarium in Taipei zoo have developed diversified learning modules for various learning topics. The theme of our courses includes beetles, butterflies, fireflies, and aquatic insects. Our events include taking children to the field for hands-on observation and discussion. We also structure special exhibitions, which discuss ecological issues through different taxa through learner-friendly activities. The present paper review the courses and special exhibitions conducted by the Insectarium and aims to provide a thorough case study on activities which could nurture learners scientific literacy.
2P_2 | 臺灣蜻蜓多樣性之起源與分化
林斯正| 行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心
陳陽發|台灣大學實驗林管理處
謝森和|靜宜大學生態人文學系
楊平世|台灣大學昆蟲學系
本文闡述台灣蜻蛉目昆蟲之多樣性研究現況。依據往昔研究，台灣產蜻蛉目昆蟲計2亞目13科86屬158種(亞種)。經由物種的分布範圍與形式研判，台灣蜻蜓多樣性組成可歸類於5主要來源。源自於台灣的特有種計29種(18.4%)，分布範圍超過一個動物地理區之廣泛分布種計17種(10.8%)，屬於東古北區起源者計20種(12.7%)，由台灣西方北東方區匯入者計81種(51.3%)，由南方南東方區匯入者計11種(7.0%)。其次，有關蜻蛉目昆蟲在台灣島的分化情形，依據分子親緣地理分析結果，某些研究族群的遺傳結構與分化形式，可與海域、中央山脈、緯度、地理複雜度等地理阻隔相符應。有些蜓種則無明顯遺傳分化，呈現遺傳同質性現象。對於特有種之物種多樣化方面，已見因緯度梯度所產生種化現象之中華珈蟌北台亞種與南台亞種，其他如海拔高度與環狀種等對島內物種多樣化的影響，仍待後續深入探究。
The Origin and differentiation of dragonflies in Taiwan
Sue-Cheng Lin 1*, Young-Fa Chen 2, Sen-Her Shieh 3 and Ping-Shih Yang 4
1 Division of Zoology, Endemic Species Research Institute
2 Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University
3 Department of Ecological Humanities, Providence University
4 Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University
In this paper we described the current status of Odonate biodiversity research in Taiwan. According to previous researches, 2 suborders, 13 families, 86 genus and 158 species (subspecies) had recorded in Taiwan. Concerning the origins of its dragonfly fauna, we categorized the species recorded into 5 main groups based on their geographical ranges and distribution patterns. 29 species (18.4%) have the endemic origins, 17 species (10.8%) are wildly distributed more than one zoogeographical region, 20 species (12.7%) have eastern palaearctic origins, 81 species (51.3%) are considered to have reached Taiwan mainly from the west (northern Oriental region), only 11 species (7.0%) probably occupied Taiwan from the south (southern Oriental region). As for the population differentiation of dragonflies in Taiwan Island, some phylogeographic studies demonstrated that the population structure and spatial patterns of genetic differentiation could be explained by geographic barriers, such as the sea level, central mountain ranges, latitude and geographic complexity. While some other species are composed of homogeneous populations, and lack of significant genetic differentiation. On the subject of diversification in endemic species, a case of damselfly study revealed that latitudinal gradient could be a driving force in separating Psolodesmus mandarinus into two geographic subspecies, P. mandarinus mandarinus and P. mandarinus dorothea. The possible roles of altitude and ring species in driving diversification remain of an open question.
2P-3臺灣蟲癭學研究面臨的困境與新局
董景生 | 行政院農業委員會林業試驗所
癭是由線蟲、細菌、真菌、病毒或節肢動物所誘發不正常生長的植物組織。蟲癭為造癭昆蟲所造出，已知的造癭昆蟲分屬雙翅目、膜翅目、鱗翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、纓翅目等六個目。蟲癭出現在裸子植物、被子植物、蕨類、地衣及藻類上，其中高達90%的蟲癭發生在被子植物。在造癭昆蟲和寄主植物長期互動下，昆蟲生活史必須搭配植物的物候才能成功造癭，使造癭昆蟲具有寄主植物專一性、造癭部位專一性、以及蟲癭外型的一致性，因此蟲癭形態常被視為造癭昆蟲表型之延伸，做為物種鑑定及相關推論。臺灣的蟲癭研究歷史短，研究人員少，基礎調查不足，相對於大型昆蟲也較不易受重視，根據近年的全臺蟲癭調查，臺灣有330種以上的蟲癭形態種，其中雙翅目癭蚋是最主要的造癭昆蟲(佔36.5%)。適應性輻射發生在樟科植物上的癭蚋，以及殼斗科植物上的癭蜂等特殊類群上。由於過去基礎生物學的投入不夠，造成部分物種鑑定以及生活史上的誤解，但隨著更多不同類群的本土研究，以及國際合作的進展，我們知道臺灣有些蟲癭是造癭者以真菌為食的營養癭；有些癭蚋初齡蟲滯育，進行1或2年的生活史；有些造癭者誘發出多型性蟲癭；有些造癭昆蟲具備有性世代和無性世代之複雜生活史。由於成癭的複雜性，分子生物技術有助於釐清形態學的混淆。另外除了本土蟲癭，近年來臺灣有一些外來入侵的造癭昆蟲，對寄主植物造成危害，但也提供蟲癭研究者對造癭昆蟲更進一步的探索。
Problems and Prospects of Insect Gall Research in Taiwan
Gene-Sheng Tung | Taiwan Forestry Experimental Institute, Taipei City, Taiwan
Galls are the abnormal growth of plant tissues which can be induced by infections of nematodes, bacteria, fungi, virus, and arthropods. Insect galls develop under the influence of gall-inducing insects which include 6 orders: Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera. Insect galls can be found on gymnosperm, angiosperm, pteridophyte, lichen and algae, among which angiosperm are the major gall plants (in 90% of all galls). Because of the galling-insect with high specificity of its host species, organ, and the morphology of gall, and the successful gall formed by the synchronization between its life cycle and plant phenology, the gall morphology which is usually regarded as the extensions of phenotypes of galling-insect can be a significant factor of species identification. The past survey summarizes more than 330 gall forms recorded in Taiwan and the family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) is one of the major groups (36.5%) of gallers. And the phenomenon of adaptive radiation appears on the relationships between the gall midges on Lauraceae and the gall wasps on Fagaceae. But for these particular groups, misunderstandings of identification and life cycle are caused of the shortage of basic biology study. Nowadays, following local and international researches indicate that 1) some galling-insects develop the intimate relationship with fungi and feed on fungi rather than gall tissue, and these special galls are called ambrosia galls, 2) the first-instar larvae of some Cecidomyiidae midges diapause in their univoltine or semivoltine life cycle, 3) some galling-insects induce polymorphic galls, 4) some galling-insects have complex life cycle forming by their sexual and asexual generation. Due to the complexity of cecidology, the technique of molecular helps clarify the confusion on morphology. Moreover, some cases for saving plant damages caused by newly invasive galling-insects improve our cecidology knowledge.
2P_4 | 水青岡森林鱗翅目多樣性
徐堉峰 | 師大生物系
曾有位生物地理學者形容地球板塊是諾亞方舟與維京墳墓船的結合，因為板塊上載滿活生物與化石。化石資料顯示水青岡(山毛櫸)類植物在北半前的分布曾經遠比現今來得廣，但在冰河-間冰期劇烈的氣候變動下，許多原來的棲地不再有水青岡生長，形成許多水青岡的隔離族群。許多以水青岡為食的昆蟲生活史與水青岡物候一致，包括許多專食種。這些專食種的生存依賴水青岡林的持續存在，因此水青岡林可以說是牠們的「諾亞方舟」。在日本，已經至少有143種取食水青岡的植食性昆蟲被記錄，其中約30%是專食種。在臺灣，臺灣水青岡林孑遺分布在北臺灣一些山巔稜線上。2009至2011年進行的一項調查發現臺灣水青岡上至少有83種植食性昆蟲，大多數屬於鱗翅目，其中大部分種類利用臺灣水青岡的新芽及幼葉。有些種類已經確認是未記述種。研究顯示臺灣水青岡林面積與取食水青岡之植食性昆蟲昆蟲之間呈正相關關係，符合MacArthur and Wilson的島嶼生物模型的預測。有些種類只見於面積大的臺灣水青岡林。這些種類有潛力成為臺灣水青岡林狀況的指標，因為水青岡林一旦破碎化，將可能導致這些種類的滅絕。
關鍵詞：種豐富度、臺灣水青岡、鱗翅目、島嶼生物地理、棲地島
Diversity of Lepidoptera associated with Fagus hayatae forest
Yu-Feng Hsu | Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
A biogeographer once described a moving plate as a combination of “Noah’s Ark plus Viking funeral ships” because plates carry living organisms on their surfaces and fossil beds. Fossil evidence indicates that beech forests once covered much more extensive areas in the northern hemisphere than what is seen today. Following dramatic climatic changes during the glacial and interglacial periods, many areas formerly covered by beech forests are no longer suitable for the survival of these cool-climate-loving beech trees, resulting in a widely disjunct distribution of beeches. Many insects associated with beech trees possess life cycles that closely match the growing plant tissues they feed upon, and many of them become specialists on beeches. The survival of these insects depends on the continuing existence of beech forests, thus beech forests may be regarded as “Noah’ Ark” for these species. In Japan, at least 143 species beech-associated phytophagous insects have been recorded, with approximately 30% of these insects recognized as specialists. In Taiwan, a native beech species Fagus hayatae grow in northern montane zone, representing by scattered patches on a few mountain ridges. During a 3-year investigation performed from 2009 to 2011, 83 species of beech-associated phytophagous insects have been found, most of them were lepidopteran insects. Most of these species are specialized on young foliage, and a few species have been recognized as undescribed taxa. It turns out that the size of Taiwan beech forest and number of beech-associated phytophagous insect species are positively correlated as predicted by the island biogeographical model established by MacArthur and Wilson, with a few species only found in larger beech forests. These species are recognized as potential indicator species for condition of beech forest as fragmentation of the beech forests will probably drive them to extinction.
Key words: species richness. Fagus hayatae, Lepidoptera, island biogeography, habitat islands
2P_5 | 次世代定序技術在昆蟲保育的運用
吳立偉 | 國立臺灣大學生物資源暨農學院實驗林管理處
鄭明倫 | 國立自然科學博物館生物學組
了解物種的族群遺傳與鄰近族群的關係，進而評估物種在演化過程可能面臨的生存壓力，是進行物種保育的重要工作之一。然而對於目標物種為稀有種或者數量瀕危的保育類昆蟲時，為避免取樣對保育類族群造成傷害，通常取得的樣本數有限，在遺傳保育評估時，容易導致檢測的可信度下降。過去為了解決上述的問題，曾試著從博物館收藏的樣本取得遺傳訊息，然而這些存放過久的樣本常因為DNA碎裂成短片段，不利傳統的定序方式來進行遺傳資料的取得。近年來次世代定序( Next-Generation Sequencing, NGS)的發展使得短片段的序列問題獲得解決，並且結合生物資訊分析使得複數樣本可以同時進行，大幅減少定序所需要的花費。此外，在物種保育的實際案例上亦可以針對臺灣已滅絕的昆蟲(例如大紫斑蝶 Euploea phaenareta、罕波眼蝶 Ypthima norma)，從典藏的標本取得遺傳訊息以進行親緣關係的分析，提出這些曾經存活在台灣的物種的歷史證據，作為昆蟲保育工作的借鏡。
Application of next-generation sequencing technology in insect conservation
Li-Wei Wu | The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resourse and Agriculture, National Taiwan University
and Ming-Luen Jeng | Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science
Unraveling population genetics and population connections of protected insects is an effective way to reveal species fitness during evolutionary processes. However, the deficiency of getting enough samples due to the rare existences of protected species is a normal problem that make the results deviate from reality. Some studies had enlarged their sample size by retrieving specimens from museum collections, but facing the difficulty of getting DNA information from degenerated DNAs which is hard to be sequenced by traditional PCR methods. Upon Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), a great quantity of sequences, even from fractional DNAs, could be obtained more easily. Sequencing cost even lower while analyzing multiple samples in the same batch and dividing individual data via bioinformatic approaches. Moreover, information from extinct insects (eg. Euploea phaenareta and Ypthima norma) are able to be rescued and become meaningful historical evidences via reconstructing their phylogenetic relationships.
2P_6 | 金花蟲多樣性與公民科學家
李奇峯 | 行政院農業委員會農業試驗所應用動物組
金花蟲屬為鞘翅目裡多樣性最高的其中一個類群，台灣本土的學者若想從事多樣性研究，主要會面臨研究材料不足的困境，往昔的做法是在各標本館尋找可研究的材料及靠自己本身努力的採集，但先天上台灣的標本館普遍蒐藏不多且個人的採集能量有限，若有公民科學家的加入必能改善此困境；作者從2005年開始金花蟲研究，並邀請多位公民科學家加入研究團隊；至今已出版兩冊的金花蟲圖鑑，此類圖鑑的出版可促進公民科學家的向心力；在學術研究的部份，公民科學家也展現了不凡的觀察力及超越研究者的採集能力，足以證明今後的多樣性研究若能有公民科學家的參與，其材料的蒐集及生物學的探索都可以大大縮短時間而達成。
The biodiversity of leaf beetles and citizen science in Taiwan
Chi-Feng Lee｜Department of Applied Zoology, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City, Taiwan
Leaf beetles are the most diverse group of Coleoptera. Indigenous taxonomists have difficulties with getting sufficient material because of no hung collections at Taiwanese museums and when they intend to study Taiwanese species. These taxonomists are faced to study overseas material when they need to take a lot of time to collect material. However, citizen scientists could make great contribution to insect taxonomy. Modern taxonomy on Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) have been conducted since 2005. More than ten citizen scientists participate the Taiwan Chrysomelid Research Team (TCRT). Two volumes of “The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan” have been printed and more than 30 papers published since then. These accomplishments prove that citizen scientists are capable to collect valuable material and explore biology of leaf beetles as taxonomists do.
2P_7 | 臺灣與東南亞金龜子多樣性研究展望
李春霖 | 國立臺灣大學生物資源暨農學院實驗林管理處
金龜子以其相對較大的體型、多樣的色澤斑紋乃至生態成為人所熟知的昆蟲類群。臺灣金龜子類自西元1866年由英國人Henry Walter Bates命名發表6種植食性金龜以來，至今已累積有8科555種的記錄，相關報告多集中在1910、1930、1970至1990年代，由歐洲及日籍研究者累積整理、鑑定與命名發表，臺灣分類學者則至1991年才出現首篇報告。目前臺灣金龜子多樣性本土研究已脫離早期鑑定能力不足困擾，經由採集方法的改善，以及更密集廣泛的調查頻度與人力參與，預期仍將持續發現未記錄類群，同時，部分目前被視為特有種，或是島內彼此形態近似，但被處理成不同種的類群也存有檢討空間。除本土類群外，我們也積極採集並整合鄰近地區相關種類，以有更廣泛比較基礎，經由一些類群的研究發現，臺灣與中南半島金龜子多樣性的聯結可能比想像中更為密切，而菲律賓北部欠缺厚角金龜記錄，是該類群在東南亞分佈與種類資料的最大一塊缺角。本文將從採集活動的改善，探討臺灣金龜子多樣性的發展，並建議加強對東南亞金龜相的比較，以更完整地建構起台灣甲蟲分化與演化機制研究的基礎。
Perspectives of Scarabs Diversity in Taiwan and South East Asia
Chun-lin Li ｜The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University
The superfamily Scarabaeoidea is a well-known group of beetles attracted by their considerable varieties in body size, color, armored ornament and life history. The scarabaeoid fauna of Taiwan was established by the British entomologist Henry Walter Bates with the descriptions of six phytophagous scarabs in 1866. There are currently 555 species of scarab beetles in Taiwan found in eight families, mostly were reported in the 1910’s, 1930’s, 1970’s – 1990’s by a number of European and Japanese researchers. The first of taxonomic paper on scarabs done by Taiwanese researcher was published in 1991. It is expected that there will be more unrecorded scarab taxa in Taiwan may be found in the future using effective techniques to sample extensively and more frequently. Meanwhile, the systematic status of partly known species is awaiting review. For the purpose to receive broader basis in comparison, we have actively collected scarab taxa from neighboring areas and came to conclusion that the fauna between Taiwan and Indochina probably ties more closely than it was thought. On the other hand, the lack of record for bolboceratines in northern Philippines indicates the largest paucity among relative taxa through all South East Asia. As a result of the observation, studying the consistency and distributional patterns on scarabs between Taiwan and South East Asia will enhance our knowledge about diversifications and evolutionary mechanisms of beetles in Taiwan.
2P_8 | 水棲螢火蟲多樣性與保育
鄭明倫 | 國立自然科學博物館生物學組
吳立偉 | 國立台灣大學生物資源暨農學院實驗林場
陳亭瑋 | 國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系
RJ. Villanueva|Davao Medical School Foundation, Davao City
幼蟲為水棲性的螢火蟲已知種類佔螢科種類數約1/100，分類上皆屬於熠螢亞科，分布則侷限在東北亞、東亞、東南亞與南亞。根據太平洋亞洲熠螢樣本的Cox1+16S+EF1α約2500bps DNA序列所建構的貝氏推測譜系顯示有兩個主要水棲螢火蟲分支(clade)，一者包含具有腹側鰓之幼蟲，至少有3個各具不同幼蟲、成蟲形態的支系(lineage)，可分為3-4個屬，分布在東北亞至東南亞；一者包含後氣孔式幼蟲，分布在東亞、東南亞與南亞，包含1或2個屬。屬級多樣性最高的地區為菲律賓，其次為臺灣和中南半島；物種數最多地區為中國。東南亞水棲螢火蟲的多樣性仍有待更仔細的田野調查。水棲性螢火蟲在螢科是種類相對稀少的類群，受到幼蟲棲地環境限制，多數種類為小區域性分布型式，加上淡水資源的不均勻分布與人類的運用，因而在保育上有較高的迫切性。臺灣與日本目前皆對某些水棲螢火蟲採取保育措施，但亦有因人為引入不同地區來源個體而衍生的問題；水田的消失和農藥的施用則在某些地區產生衝擊。
Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Fireflies
Ming-Luen Jeng | National Museum of Natural Science
Li-Wei Wu | Experimental Forest, College of Bioresource and Agriculture, National Taiwan University
Ting-Wei Chen | Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University
RJ. Villanueva | Davao Medical School Foundation, Davao City, Mindanao
Aquatic fireflies are geographically restricted to Northeast, East, Southeast and South Asia, and taxonomically belong to Luciolinae. Some 20 species are now recognized. A Bayesian molecular phylogeny of Pacific-Asian Luciolinae, based on about 2500bps from mitochondrial Cox1, 16S rDNA, and nuclear EF1α genes, reveals two major clades of aquatic fireflies, the gilled-larva clade (GLC) and metapneustic-larva clade (MLC). GLC has three lineages distributed in NE, E and SE Asia, each possessing distinct larval and adult morphology. Its species are currently placed in Luciola s.lat. and Aquatica and shall be removed from Luciola and divided into 3-4 genera in the future. MLC, the sister group of terrestrial Abscondita and Pygoluciola, has one or two genera and are distributed in E, SE and S Asian. The Philippines has highest genus diversity, followed by Taiwan and Indochina Peninsula, whereas China has greatest species richness. Aquatic fireflies are ecologically limited to their water habitats and therefore vulnerable to human impact on the water resource (e.g. pesticides, pollutions, over-exploitation of freshwater, flood control works, etc). Some species in Taiwan and Japan have been under protection by law.
2P_9 | 水棲昆蟲水質生物指標
黃國靖 ｜東華大學自然資源與環境學系
全球廣泛利用水棲昆蟲監測水資源，台灣在過去30年，也有許多利用水棲昆蟲評估水質的研究，早期研究僅利用物種的生物特性，即利用其對有機污染的感受性或忍受性來反映水質狀況。因此，每種水棲昆蟲均有一特定忍受值，而這就決定評估結果；此外，亦會利用攝食機制、運動行為等指標來增加評估結果的解釋能力。雖然利用指標值能成功評估水質狀況，但近年因為廣泛運用這個忍受值而衍生出兩個問題，首先是質疑在台灣使用源自其他地區的忍受值是可能有差異，其次是利用忍受值作簡單水質狀況評估，過渡釋譯污染成因的判斷。
Aquatic insects as indicators of water quality
K C Wong | Department of natural resources and environmental stuides
Water resource monitoring using aquatic insects is one of the most widely used methods throughout the world. Over the past 30 years in Taiwan, more research is being conducted on the use of aquatic insects to evaluate water quality. The earlier studies only use the biological characteristics of species, that reflect the water quality based on sensitivity or tolerance to organic pollution. Therefore, each species have specified tolerance value, which determines the assessment results. Furthermore, using feeding mechanism, locomotion behavior as an index to increase the explanation of assessment results. Although tolerance values have been used successfully to assess the condition of water quality, but in recent years two issues have arisen regarding the widespread application of these values. First, the application of tolerance values in Taiwan that differ from where they were originally derived has been questioned. Second issue is a growing interest in extending the use of tolerance values from simple assessments of water condition to diagnoses of the causes of impairment.
2P_10 | 溪流昆蟲群聚與保育
謝森和 | 靜宜大學生態人文學系
本 報告以溪流水棲昆蟲為例，回顧與水棲昆蟲相關流水生態學之研究與保育。溪流與河流是水域生態系統中最特殊的水體，由於它們具有單一方向流動的特性，因此稱 它們為流水生態系統。流水生態系統雖然只佔地球淡水量的0.006%，卻是地球上對人類與生物圈最重要的生態系統。它的物理環境特性，如巢式階層的組成、 四度空間特性、及凹面的生態系統，使得它成為地球上最容易受到人類活動影響的生態系統。近年來人口的增加、都市與工業的擴張、與氣候變遷更增加人類對流水 生態系統的衝擊。這些衝擊同時作用在流水生態系統，造成流水生態系統的破壞、棲地與水質的改變、物種的消失、與外來種的入侵。如此複雜的環境問題，使我們 難以鑑別出個別因子對流水生態系統的影響。過去溪流生態學家致力於水棲昆蟲群聚結構、功能群組成、與食物網之研究，以了解流水生態系統水棲昆蟲群聚與環境 因子間的關係，並藉此發展出流水生態系生物監測的理論基礎，以期望建立一套流水生態系統保育的模式。近年來溪流生態學家則致力於探討物種多樣性與生態系統 功能之間的關係，以功能特徵的多樣性來了解物種多樣性對生態系統功能的影響。
The Community Ecology and Conservation of Stream Insects
Sen-Her Hsieh ｜Department of Ecological Humanities, Providence University, Taichung City, Taiwan
Streams are among the world’s most modified ecosystems due to human activities which include the combined effects of multiple stressors such as water pollution, overexploitation, flow regulation, habitat degradation, and alien species. Consequently, a higher proportion of stream species are threatened to extinction. To be effective, stream conservation and management must be underpinned by a fundamental understanding of the structure and function of natural river ecosystems. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to present an overview of stream ecological theory, with emphasis on stream macroinvertebrates, and to provide a holistic approach to the stream conservation and management. Studies of stream ecology began in late 19th century when investigators extended the approaches of limnologists into streams. Since then, the concept of stream ecosystem boundaries has been changed from a non-reactive conduit, functioning to transport dissolved substances from land to convenient places, to the entire catchment with spatial-temporal nested hierarchy organization and with longitudinally, laterally, and vertically hydrological connectivity between different elements of the catchment. The river continuum concept views rivers as longitudinal resource gradients along which stream macroinvertebrates are predictably structured. The hyporheic corridor concept considers the vertical connectivity between surface waters and groundwater. The flood pulse concept examines the adaptive strategies employed by stream biota in floodplains with alternating wet and dry phases over annual cycle and thus focuses on the lateral and temporal dimensions. Recently, the river wave concept has been introduce to integrate these three concepts. For the stream ecosystem conservation and management, such background knowledge of stream ecological theory is necessary. For example, to revert a managed river, it is a matter of re-building environmental gradients along longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dimensions, re-establishing ecological connectivity between catchment elements, and reconstituting a disturbance regime.
2P_11 | 除污型人工溼地水棲大型無脊椎動物之生物多樣性與食物網結構
徐崇斌 | 靜宜大學 生態人文學系
范嵐楓 | 中央研究院 生物多樣性研究中心
陳章波 | 中央研究院 生物多樣性研究中心
謝蕙蓮 | 中央研究院 生物多樣性研究中心
人工溼地經常被應用於河川中市政廢水的處理，以減緩有機污染的效應。除了污染物的處理效率外，對於人工溼地生態的研究亦逐漸增加。本文分析大漢溪二處人工溼地各處理單元之生物與環境因子，評估水棲昆蟲的生物多樣性；並以穩定同位分素分析其食物網結構。兩處場址共計記錄34個水棲大型無脊椎動物分類群；水棲大型無脊椎動物之豐富度及密度隨植物的覆蓋度而增，而多樣性則隨處理單元的面積而增加。水棲大型無脊椎動物群聚的變異則以魚類物種數、水生大型植物的豐富度及覆蓋度、水溫、導電度、酸鹼值及溶氧具有較佳的解釋力。比較三個連續之處理單元食物網結構，水生大型植物與優勢初級消費者之穩定碳同位素訊在不同單元間並無顯著差異，而穩定氮同位素訊號的變化則無一致的格局。利用混合模式(mixing model)分析消費者的食性，顯示C4植物及附生藻為人工溼地初級消費者的主要食物來源。
Biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates and the foodwebs in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment
Chorng-Bin Hsu | Department of Ecological Humanities, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
Lan-Feng Fan | Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Chang-Po Chen | Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Hwey-Lian Hsieh | Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Constructed wetlands are often built for wastewater treatment to mitigate the adverse effects of organic pollution in rivers caused by inputs of municipal wastewater. In addition to the treatment efficiency, recent studies are increasingly focused on the ecological aspects of constructed wetlands. In this study, we analyzed the biotic and environmental factors of the treatment cells to evaluate the biodiversity of aquatic insects, and constructed the foodwebs using stable isotope analysis. A total of 34 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded in the two wetlands. The richness and density of aquatic macroinvertebrates increased with the cover of aquatic macrophytes, while the diversity increased with wetland area. The variations in the community structures aquatic macroinvertebrates were respectively best explained by fish species richness, richness and cover of aquatic macrophytes, water temperature, and values of conductivity, pH, and DO. Comparisons The lower trophic foodwebs indicated that the stable carbon isotope signatures of aquatic macrophytes and dominant primary consumers did not vary among three continuous treatment cells, and that no consistent pattern was found in the stable nitrogen isotope signatures among treatment cells. The C4 plant and epiphytic algae were the main food sources of primary consumers in constructed wetlands using mixing model.